(a) Tropical Evergreen Forests
These are evergreen forests which never shade their leaves.
In area of rainfall more 200cm with a short dry season.
Tress height can be of 60 meters or even more.
Since the region is warm and wet throughout the year, it has a luxuriant vegetation of all kinds – trees, shrubs, and creepers giving it a multilayered structure.
There are found in Western Ghats, islands of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, and upper part of Assam and Tamil Nadu regions.
Important trees- ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, and cinchona.
(b) Tropical Deciduous Forests
Most widespread forests of India and are also called Monsoon Forests.
Spread over the region of rainfall 200cm to 70cm.
They shed their leaves for 6 to 8 weeks in dry season.
On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and dry deciduous.
The moist deciduous is found in areas receiving rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. These forests exist in the eastern part of the country – northeastern states, along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
Teak is the most dominant species of this forest. Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun, mulberry are other commercially important species.
The dry deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm. These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Teak, Sal, Peepal, Neem are the important trees. A large part of this region is used for cultivation and some parts are used for grazing.
(c) Tropical Thorn forests and Scrubs
In the region of rainfall less than 70 cm.
Consists of Thorny trees and brushes, having long roots penetrating deep into soil and thick leaves to minimize evaporation.
This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of the country including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the main plant species.
(d) Montane Forests
They are found on Mountain ranges of India, especially at the southern slopes of Himalayas.
The wet temperate type of forests are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres, containing evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oaks and chestnuts are found
Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar, are found.
At higher altitude, more than 3600 metres above sea level, temperate grasslands and forests are found such as Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches.
At further high altitude, snow stunted shrubs and scrubs, and henceforth, merge into Alpine grasslands.
The Alpine grasslands are used for grazing by nomadic tribes like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals.
Mosses and Lichens are the part of Tundra vegetation of higher altitude slope of Himalayas.
(e) Mangrove Forests
These forests are found at the delta of rivers.
The roots of tress are submerged in the water.
The most popular delta forest is Sunderban forests in West Bengal and Bangladesh. Sundari Tress are found in this forest.
These are evergreen forests which never shade their leaves.
In area of rainfall more 200cm with a short dry season.
Tress height can be of 60 meters or even more.
Since the region is warm and wet throughout the year, it has a luxuriant vegetation of all kinds – trees, shrubs, and creepers giving it a multilayered structure.
There are found in Western Ghats, islands of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, and upper part of Assam and Tamil Nadu regions.
Important trees- ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, and cinchona.
(b) Tropical Deciduous Forests
Most widespread forests of India and are also called Monsoon Forests.
Spread over the region of rainfall 200cm to 70cm.
They shed their leaves for 6 to 8 weeks in dry season.
On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and dry deciduous.
The moist deciduous is found in areas receiving rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. These forests exist in the eastern part of the country – northeastern states, along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
Teak is the most dominant species of this forest. Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun, mulberry are other commercially important species.
The dry deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm. These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Teak, Sal, Peepal, Neem are the important trees. A large part of this region is used for cultivation and some parts are used for grazing.
(c) Tropical Thorn forests and Scrubs
In the region of rainfall less than 70 cm.
Consists of Thorny trees and brushes, having long roots penetrating deep into soil and thick leaves to minimize evaporation.
This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of the country including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the main plant species.
(d) Montane Forests
They are found on Mountain ranges of India, especially at the southern slopes of Himalayas.
The wet temperate type of forests are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres, containing evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oaks and chestnuts are found
Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar, are found.
At higher altitude, more than 3600 metres above sea level, temperate grasslands and forests are found such as Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches.
At further high altitude, snow stunted shrubs and scrubs, and henceforth, merge into Alpine grasslands.
The Alpine grasslands are used for grazing by nomadic tribes like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals.
Mosses and Lichens are the part of Tundra vegetation of higher altitude slope of Himalayas.
(e) Mangrove Forests
These forests are found at the delta of rivers.
The roots of tress are submerged in the water.
The most popular delta forest is Sunderban forests in West Bengal and Bangladesh. Sundari Tress are found in this forest.
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